Liquid Metal Alloys and Lead-Free Solder Reliability
This research community focuses on the physical properties, microstructural evolution, and reliability of liquid metal alloys—particularly gallium-based eutectics—and lead-free solder joints used in electronic manufacturing and flexible devices.
The work centers on gallium-indium liquid metals, lead-free solder alloys, and their behavior under thermal cycling and mechanical stress. Recurring themes include the microstructure of solder joints, interfacial reactions, whisker growth, and the synthesis of liquid metal nanoparticles for conductive applications. A distinct strand examines the antimicrobial properties of gallium compounds, specifically against bacteria like Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, alongside the use of liquid metals as lubricants and in soft electronics.
The largest share of the community's output is found in gallium research, accounting for 2.8% of all gallium research, and 958 papers here. Tin and indium also contribute significantly, with 482 and 371 papers respectively.
The community comprises 4,044 papers, publishing most frequently in the Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Journal of Electronic Materials, and Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics.
Recent work continues to explore liquid metal composites for soft electronics and e-waste reduction, the reliability of lead-free SAC solder alloys, and the use of gallium-based nanoparticles for antimicrobial therapy and wearable bioelectrodes.
Papers behind this description
- Three-dimensional flexible electronics using solidified liquid metal with regulated plasticity — Nature Electronics, 2023 — doi:10.1038/s41928-022-00914-8
- Shaping a Soft Future: Patterning Liquid Metals — Advanced Materials, 2022 — doi:10.1002/adma.202205196
- Smart Eutectic Gallium–Indium: From Properties to Applications — Advanced Materials, 2022 — doi:10.1002/adma.202203391
- Triboelectric nanogenerator based on well-dispersed and oxide-free liquid metal-doped conductive hydrogel as self-powered wearable sensor for respiratory and thyroid cartilage signal monitoring — Nano Energy, 2025 — doi:10.1016/j.nanoen.2024.110530
- Gallium Liquid Metal: Nanotoolbox for Antimicrobial Applications — ACS Nano, 2023 — doi:10.1021/acsnano.3c06486
- Growth of diamond in liquid metal at 1 atm pressure — Nature, 2024 — doi:10.1038/s41586-024-07339-7
- Isothermal solidification for high-entropy alloy synthesis — Nature, 2025 — doi:10.1038/s41586-025-09530-w
- Sustainable Liquid Metal Composites for Soft Electronics and E‐Waste Reduction — Advanced Materials, 2025 — doi:10.1002/adma.202512968
- Advances in microstructural evolution and reliability-driven mechanical and corrosion properties of lead-free SAC solder alloys — Materials & Design, 2025 — doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2025.114510
- Amphiphilic Block Copolymer Stabilized Liquid Metal Nanoparticles Induced Rapid Gelation of Highly Conductive, Adhesive, Anti‐Fatigue Hydrogel for Wearable Bioelectrode and Self‐Powered Sensor — Advanced Functional Materials, 2025 — doi:10.1002/adfm.202520122
- Gallium-based liquid metal as a special lubricant: A review — Friction, 2025 — doi:10.26599/frict.2025.9441047
- Eutectic Gallium–Indium Liquid Metal Hydrogel Enables Interfacial Photogating Modulation in Organic Photoelectrochemical Transistor Biosensing — Advanced Functional Materials, 2025 — doi:10.1002/adfm.202516018