Fluoride-Ion and Chloride-Ion Battery Materials and Electrolytes

This research community develops solid-state and liquid electrolytes, cathode materials, and anode chemistries for next-generation batteries that store energy by shuttling fluoride or chloride ions, rather than lithium.

The work centers on synthesizing and characterizing materials that conduct these specific ions. Recurring themes include the development of all-solid-state electrolytes, such as those based on lead, tin, or bismuth fluorides, and the engineering of carbon-based cathodes, particularly fluorinated graphene and graphite fluoride. A significant portion of the research addresses the "shuttle" mechanism, where ions move between electrodes to enable high energy density. While fluoride-ion systems dominate the literature, a distinct strand of work explores chloride-ion batteries, often utilizing seawater-based electrolytes or MXene materials. The community also investigates the fundamental ionic conductivity of these solids and the chemical stability of liquid electrolytes at room temperature.

The community is most heavily represented in research tracked for Fluorine, accounting for 1.9% of all fluorine-related papers in the dataset. It also appears in research for Carbon (0.1% share) and Chlorine (0.2% share).

The community comprises 1,115 papers, with the highest publication volume in the Journal of Fluorine Chemistry, Carbon, and Journal of Materials Chemistry A.

Recent work focuses on achieving reversible charge and discharge in all-solid-state pouch cells, engineering crystal planes for chloride-ion storage, and optimizing electrolyte chemistry to balance hardness and softness for high-voltage operation.

Papers behind this description

Recent Advances in Fluorinated Graphene from Synthesis to Applications: Critical Review on Functional Chemistry and Structure Engineering — Advanced Materials, 2021 — doi:10.1002/adma.202101665
Recent progress, challenges and prospects of electrolytes for fluoride-ion batteries — Energy Reviews, 2024 — doi:10.1016/j.enrev.2024.100083
Surface Engineering of Fluorinated Graphene Nanosheets Enables Ultrafast Lithium/Sodium/Potassium Primary Batteries — Advanced Materials, 2023 — doi:10.1002/adma.202303444
Double-Layered Perovskite Oxyfluoride Cathodes with High Capacity Involving O–O Bond Formation for Fluoride-Ion Batteries — Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2024 — doi:10.1021/jacs.3c10871
Solid-state synthesis and ion transport characteristics of the β-KSbF4 for all-solid-state fluoride-ion batteries — Journal of Energy Chemistry, 2024 — doi:10.1016/j.jechem.2024.03.027
Ionic liquid functionalized fluorinated graphene toward excellent anti-wear filler into epoxy coating — Carbon, 2025 — doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2025.120017
Revisiting Discharge Mechanism of CF x as a High Energy Density Cathode Material for Lithium Primary Battery — Advanced Energy Materials, 2021 — doi:10.1002/aenm.202103196
Fluoride ion batteries – past, present, and future — Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2021 — doi:10.1039/d0ta11656d
The case for fluoride-ion batteries — Joule, 2021 — doi:10.1016/j.joule.2021.09.016
Rechargeable Seawater-Based Chloride-Ion Batteries Enabled by Covalent Surface Chemistry in MXenes — Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2024 — doi:10.1021/jacs.4c07809
Chloride ion battery: A new emerged electrochemical system for next-generation energy storage — Journal of Energy Chemistry, 2023 — doi:10.1016/j.jechem.2023.08.055
Near‐Room‐Temperature Quasi‐Solid‐State F‐Ion Batteries with High Conversion Reversibility Based on Layered Structured Electrolyte — Advanced Energy Materials, 2023 — doi:10.1002/aenm.202203168
Ion‐Pump‐Regulated Highly Conductive Polymer Electrolyte to Enable the First All‐Solid‐State Rechargeable Fluoride‐Ion Pouch Cells — Advanced Energy Materials, 2025 — doi:10.1002/aenm.202503016
Steric Hindrance-Driven Closed-Loop Conversion of Acceptor Enables Long-Life and High-Capacity Fluoride-Ion Batteries — Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2025 — doi:10.1021/jacs.5c11916
Crystal plane engineering of BiOCl for enhanced chloride-ion storage and saline water deionization performances — Separation and Purification Technology, 2025 — doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2025.133170
Fluoride-Ion Batteries: A Review of Recent Advances and Future Opportunities — Electrochemical Energy Reviews, 2025 — doi:10.1007/s41918-025-00268-7
Spectacle-like SiX (X = P, As): A promising candidate for dual application in fluoride and magnesium ion battery from first-principles calculations — Electrochimica Acta, 2025 — doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2025.148063
Gas evolution in Ruddlesden–Popper-type intercalation cathodes in all-solid-state fluoride-ion-batteries: implications on battery performance and synthesis of highly oxidized oxyfluorides — Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2025 — doi:10.1039/d5ta07033c