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35 Reactive Nonmetal
Br

Bromine

RIS 0.046
Velocity
Rank#39
Co-citedI
Physical properties
Category Nonmetal
Block p-block
State Liquid
Config [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p5
Electronegativity 2.96
Density 3.1028 g/cm³
Melting 265.8 K
Boiling 332.0 K
Ionization 1139.9 kJ/mol
Oxidation -1, +1, +3, +4, +5, +7
Discovered 1826 · Antoine Jerome Balard, Carl Jacob Lowig
10-year trends

Research trends from the past decade for this element.

Research trends from the past decade: publication rate, citation momentum, emerging applications. A bird's-eye view of how the field has been evolving.

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Top papers of all time
Science Advances · 2025 · 99th percentile for its age
Environmental Science & Technology · 2025 · 100th percentile for its age
Advanced Energy Materials · 2026 · 100th percentile for its age
Top papers, last 5 years
Science Advances · 2025 · 99th percentile for its age
Environmental Science & Technology · 2025 · 100th percentile for its age
Advanced Energy Materials · 2026 · 100th percentile for its age
Newest papers
Advanced Energy Materials · 2026 · 100th percentile for its age
Carbon Neutralization · 2026 · 99th percentile for its age
Applied Energy · 2026 · 99th percentile for its age

These are the nine that matter most. There are more — browse all of them free.

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Bromine's history

Research intensity over time

Bromine's history

Bromine's research intensity, 1900 → today.

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Advanced visualization features

Bromine's associations

These shapes are citation clusters: groups of papers that cite each other. They show why Bromine is moving, not just that it is.

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