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82 Post Transition Metal
Pb

Lead

RIS 0.154
Velocity
Rank#12
Co-citedZr
Physical properties
Category Post Transition Metal
Block p-block
State Solid
Config [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2
Electronegativity 2.33
Density 11.342 g/cm³
Melting 600.61 K
Boiling 2022.0 K
Ionization 715.6 kJ/mol
Oxidation -4, +2, +4
Discovered Known since antiquity
10-year trends

Research trends from the past decade for this element.

Research trends from the past decade: publication rate, citation momentum, emerging applications. A bird's-eye view of how the field has been evolving.

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Top papers of all time
arXiv (Cornell University) · 2026 · 100th percentile for its age
Science · 2025 · 100th percentile for its age
Dagstuhl Research Online Publication Server · 2025 · 100th percentile for its age
Top papers, last 5 years
arXiv (Cornell University) · 2026 · 100th percentile for its age
Science · 2025 · 100th percentile for its age
Dagstuhl Research Online Publication Server · 2025 · 100th percentile for its age
Newest papers
arXiv (Cornell University) · 2026 · 100th percentile for its age
Science · 2026 · 100th percentile for its age
Advanced Materials · 2026 · 100th percentile for its age

These are the nine that matter most. There are more — browse all of them free.

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Lead's history

Research intensity over time

Lead's history

Lead's research intensity, 1900 → today.

See how it got here — free account.
Advanced visualization features

Lead's associations

These shapes are citation clusters: groups of papers that cite each other. They show why Lead is moving, not just that it is.

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