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32 Metalloid
Ge

Germanium

RIS 0.026
Velocity
Rank#64
Co-citedSi
Physical properties
Category Metalloid
Block p-block
State Solid
Config [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2
Electronegativity 2.01
Density 5.323 g/cm³
Melting 1211.4 K
Boiling 3106.0 K
Ionization 762.0 kJ/mol
Oxidation -4, +1, +2, +3, +4
Discovered 1886 · Clemens Winkler
10-year trends

Research trends from the past decade for this element.

Research trends from the past decade: publication rate, citation momentum, emerging applications. A bird's-eye view of how the field has been evolving.

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Top papers of all time
Science · 2025 · 100th percentile for its age
Nature · 2025 · 99th percentile for its age
Figshare · 2024 · 100th percentile for its age
Top papers, last 5 years
Science · 2025 · 100th percentile for its age
Nature · 2025 · 99th percentile for its age
Figshare · 2024 · 100th percentile for its age
Newest papers
Open MIND · 2026 · 98th percentile for its age
Nature Electronics · 2026 · 98th percentile for its age
Advanced Sustainable Systems · 2026 · 97th percentile for its age

These are the nine that matter most. There are more — browse all of them free.

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Germanium's history

Research intensity over time

Germanium's history

Germanium's research intensity, 1900 → today.

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Advanced visualization features

Germanium's associations

These shapes are citation clusters: groups of papers that cite each other. They show why Germanium is moving, not just that it is.

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