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6 Reactive Nonmetal
C

Carbon

RIS 1.000
Velocity
Rank#1
Co-citedSi
Physical properties
Category Nonmetal
Block p-block
State Solid
Config [He] 2s2 2p2
Electronegativity 2.55
Density 2.267 g/cm³
Melting 3823.0 K
Boiling 4098.0 K
Ionization 1086.5 kJ/mol
Oxidation -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4
Discovered Known since antiquity
10-year trends

Research trends from the past decade for this element.

Research trends from the past decade: publication rate, citation momentum, emerging applications. A bird's-eye view of how the field has been evolving.

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Top papers of all time
Annales de l’Institut Henri Poincaré D Combinatorics Physics and their Interactions · 2026 · 100th percentile for its age
Figshare · 2025 · 100th percentile for its age
Physica B Condensed Matter · 2026 · 100th percentile for its age
Top papers, last 5 years
Annales de l’Institut Henri Poincaré D Combinatorics Physics and their Interactions · 2026 · 100th percentile for its age
Figshare · 2025 · 100th percentile for its age
Physica B Condensed Matter · 2026 · 100th percentile for its age
Newest papers
Annales de l’Institut Henri Poincaré D Combinatorics Physics and their Interactions · 2026 · 100th percentile for its age
Physica B Condensed Matter · 2026 · 100th percentile for its age
Physica E Low-dimensional Systems and Nanostructures · 2026 · 100th percentile for its age

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Carbon's history

Research intensity over time

Carbon's history

Carbon's research intensity, 1900 → today.

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Advanced visualization features

Carbon's associations

These shapes are citation clusters: groups of papers that cite each other. They show why Carbon is moving, not just that it is.

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